It
is easy to confuse the concepts of "virtual reality" and a "computerized
model of reality (simulation)". The former is a self-contained Universe,
replete with its "laws of physics" and "logic". It can bear resemblance
to the real world or not. It can be consistent or not. It can interact
with the real world or not. In short, it is an arbitrary environment.
In contrast, a model of reality must have a direct and strong relationship
to the world. It must obey the rules of physics and of logic. The absence
of such a relationship renders it meaningless. A flight simulator is not
much good in a world without aeroplanes or if it ignores the laws of nature.
A technical analysis program is useless without a stock exchange or if
its mathematically erroneous.
Yet,
the two concepts are often confused because they are both mediated by
and reside on computers. The computer is a self-contained (though not
closed) Universe. It incorporates the hardware, the data and the instructions
for the manipulation of the data (software). It is, therefore, by definition,
a virtual reality. It is versatile and can correlate its reality with
the world outside. But it can also refrain from doing so. This is the
ominous "what if" in artificial intelligence (AI). What if a computer
were to refuse to correlate its internal (virtual) reality with the reality
of its makers? What if it were to impose its own reality on us and make
it the privileged one? .
In
the visually tantalizing movie, "The Matrix", a breed of AI computers
takes over the world. It harvests human embryos in laboratories called
"fields". It then feeds them through grim looking tubes and keeps them
immersed in gelatinous liquid in cocoons. This new "machine species" derives
its energy needs from the electricity produced by the billions of human
bodies thus preserved. A sophisticated, all-pervasive, computer program
called "The Matrix" generates a "world" inhabited by the consciousness
of the unfortunate human batteries. Ensconced in their shells, they see
themselves walking, talking, working and making love. This is a tangible
and olfactory phantasm masterfully created by the Matrix. Its computing
power is mind boggling. It generates the minutest details and reams of
data in a spectacularly successful effort to maintain the illusion.
A group of human miscreants succeeds to learn the secret of the Matrix.
They form an underground and live aboard a ship, loosely communicating
with a halcyon city called "Zion", the last bastion of resistance. In
one of the scenes, Cypher, one of the rebels defects. Over a glass of
(illusory) rubicund wine and (spectral) juicy steak, he poses the main
dilemma of the movie. Is it better to live happily in a perfectly detailed
delusion - or to survive unhappily but free of its hold?
The
Matrix controls the minds of all the humans in the world. It is a bridge
between them, they inter-connected through it. It makes them share the
same sights, smells and textures. They remember. They compete. They make
decisions. The Matrix is sufficiently complex to allow for this apparent
lack of determinism and ubiquity of free will. The root question is: is
there any difference between making decisions and feeling certain of making
them (not having made them)? If one is unaware of the existence of the
Matrix, the answer is no. From the inside, as a part of the Matrix, making
decisions and appearing to be making them are identical states. Only an
outside observer - one who in possession of full information regarding
both the Matrix and the humans - can tell the difference.
Moreover, if the Matrix were a computer program of infinite complexity,
no observer (finite or infinite) would have been able to say with any
certainty whose a decision was - the Matrix's or the human's. And because
the Matrix, for all intents and purposes, is infinite compared to the
mind of any single, tube-nourished, individual - it is safe to say that
the states of "making a decision" and "appearing to be making a decision"
are subjectively indistinguishable. No individual within the Matrix would
be able to tell the difference. His or her life would seem to him or her
as real as ours are to us. The Matrix may be deterministic - but this
determinism is inaccessible to individual minds because of the complexity
involved. When faced with a trillion deterministic paths, one would be
justified to feel that he exercised free, unconstrained will in choosing
one of them. Free will and determinism are indistinguishable at a certain
level of complexity.
Yet,
we KNOW that the Matrix is different to our world. It is NOT the same.
This is an intuitive kind of knowledge, for sure, but this does not detract
from its firmness. If there is no subjective difference between the Matrix
and our Universe, there must be an objective one. Another key sentence
is uttered by Morpheus, the leader of the rebels. He says to "The Chosen
One" (the Messiah) that it is really the year 2199, though the Matrix
gives the impression that it is 1999.
This
is where the Matrix and reality diverge. Though a human who would experience
both would find them indistinguishable - objectively they are different.
In one of them (the Matrix), people have no objective TIME (though the
Matrix might have it). The other (reality) is governed by it.
Under
the spell of the Matrix, people feel as though time goes by. They have
functioning watches. The sun rises and sets. Seasons change. They grow
old and die. This is not entirely an illusion. Their bodies do decay and
die, as ours do. They are not exempt from the laws of nature. But their
AWARENESS of time is computer generated. The Matrix is sufficiently sophisticated
and knowledgeable to maintain a close correlation between the physical
state of the human (his health and age) and his consciousness of the passage
of time. The basic rules of time - for instance, its asymmetry - are part
of the program.
But
this is precisely it. Time in the minds of these people is program-generated,
not reality-induced. It is not the derivative of change and irreversible
(thermodynamic and other) processes OUT THERE. Their minds are part of
a computer program and the computer program is a part of their minds.
Their bodies are static, degenerating in their protective nests. Nothing
happens to them except in their minds. They have no physical effect on
the world. They effect no change. These things set the Matrix and reality
apart.
To
"qualify" as reality a two-way interaction must occur. One flow of data
is when reality influences the minds of people (as does the Matrix). The
obverse, but equally necessary, type of data flow is when people know
reality and influence it. The Matrix triggers a time sensation in people
the same way that the Universe triggers a time sensation in us. Something
does happen OUT THERE and it is called the Matrix. In this sense, the
Matrix is real, it is the reality of these humans. It maintains the requirement
of the first type of flow of data. But it fails the second test: people
do not know that it exists or any of its attributes, nor do they affect
it irreversibly. They do not change the Matrix. Paradoxically, the rebels
do affect the Matrix (they almost destroy it). In doing so, they make
it REAL. It is their REALITY because they KNOW it and they irreversibly
CHANGE it.
Applying
this dual-track test, "virtual" reality IS a reality, albeit, at this
stage, of a deterministic type. It affects our minds, we know that it
exists and we affect it in return. Our choices and actions irreversibly
alter the state of the system. This altered state, in turn, affects our
minds. This interaction IS what we call "reality". With the advent of
stochastic and quantum virtual reality generators - the distinction between
"real" and "virtual" will fade. The Matrix thus is not impossible. But
that it is possible - does not make it real.
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